Surface-based pressure penetration

For the two-dimensional models illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2:

• Step 1: A nonuniform displacement, $u=\frac{u_{14}}{{1.25}^d}$, is applied in the negative x-direction on the surface of $x=$ 2.0 when solid elements are used. $u_{14}$ is the displacement at node 14, and d is the distance measured from node 14. When shell elements are used, a nonuniform pressure, $P=P_{14}\left(1-\frac{dc-0.75}{9}\right)$, is applied on the surface of $x=$ 2.0. $P_{14}$ is the pressure at the element containing node 14, and $dc$ is the distance measured from node 14 to the center of an element.

• Step 2: Two ends of the contacting surfaces ($y=$ 0 and $y=$ 12.0) are exposed to a fluid pressure with a magnitude of 800.0.

• Step 3: Increase the fluid pressure to 900.0 at both ends.

For the model illustrated in Figure 3:

• Step 1: A nonuniform displacement, $u=\frac{u_{14}}{{1.25}^d}$, is applied in the negative y-direction on the surface of $y=$ 2.0.

• Step 2: One end of the contacting surfaces, $x=$ 2, is exposed to a fluid pressure with a magnitude of 550; and the other end, $x=$ 14, is exposed to a fluid pressure with a magnitude of 800.

• Step 3: Increase the magnitudes of the fluid pressure to 650 from 550 and to 900 from 800, respectively, at both ends.

For the three-dimensional models illustrated in Figure 4 and Figure 5:

• Step 1: The models consist of two parts with contact surfaces initially overclosed. This initial overclosure is resolved automatically in the step by using the automatic shrink fit capability in the contact interference definition.

• Step 2: There are two places initially exposed to a fluid pressure with a magnitude of 20000; at the outside corner of the contact surfaces at the bottom end of the rings and along the whole edges of the contact surfaces at the upper end of the rings.

Figure 2. Contact between two deformable surfaces with matching meshes in two dimensions.

Figure 3. Contact between two deformable surfaces with nonmatching meshes in two dimensions.

Figure 4. Contact between a deformable surface and a rigid surface in three dimensions.

Figure 5. Contact between two deformable surfaces in three dimensions.